Is Rape A Deviant - 1201 Words

1. In what ways is rape â€Å"deviant† or not in places where is it relatively common? Answer this question in terms of deviant roles and places, deviant acts and victims, formal and informal social controls, and the irony of social control. Generally rape is considered a deviant act in the majority of the world. Especially in the most developed countries, where it is extensively condemn by the citizens as well as the laws. However, there are some places where rape is accepted as a simple fact, a daily occurrence, due to the poverty of the country and the lack of education in some cases. This behavior becomes so common that it is seen as less deviant than in other places like the United Stated, where laws are more strict and clear and harsher†¦show more content†¦Seen it this way deviance is more the result of what society considers deviant than a consequence due to the quality of the act. He believes that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels that are placed about the person, which modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way in which others respond to the labeled person. Becker’s approach focuses on enforced rules; he views those that fallow the rules different from those that break them, and believes that those people who break the rules feel at odds with those who fallow them, felling like outsiders when they accept their deviant behavior. He said that when someone is given the label of a criminal, he or she might reject or accept that label and continue to commit crime. Those who reject the label can eventually accept it as it becomes better known and this stigma can lead to the amplification of the deviant behavior. The behavior can be amplified since based on this label; the individual becomes treated differently by those around them. The label will become internalized by the individual; in particular if the people surrounding the subject agrees with the label and that can influence the amplification of the behavior. 3.Why is there so much drug abuse on college campuses? Which of the following Perspectives provides the most insight into this problem, and why:Show MoreRelatedSocial Deviance and Social Norms Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesnorms. So what qualifies as a social deviant? According to sociologist, Howard S. Becker the best definition of social deviance is, â€Å"It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that do something deviant.† In cultures around the world, there are many practices Americans find deviant, but in other cultures, it’s the norm. In many countries around the world, girls are married as young as 11 years old. To Americans, that is considered child abuse and rape, but that is only because of our socialRead MoreRape And Its Effect On Society1561 Words   |  7 Pagesword Deviance or Deviant, this means that any action or behavior that is considered unacceptable to society as a whole. The meaning of being raped is where the rapist forces sex upon their victim of the rapists choosing. Rape is a type of sexual behavior that is considered a deviant act that is unacceptable to society. At least, unacceptable in the United States since committing this type of criminal deviant act could result in being arrested if caught. Being the victim of this deviant act can happenRead MoreSexual Deviance Is Any Abnormal Sexual Act997 Words   |  4 Pages the term intercourse does not have the same meaning in our current society. Our norms are decided via interest groups shunning religion and standing up for human rights. Yes, there was deviance in ancient days, thus unwanted pregnancies, incest, rape, but we it was not up for public detail, discussion, or review. Based on the deviance theories, the labeling theory describes how deviance definitions have changed throughout the years, but differential association explains individual sexual devianceRead MorePathological Abnormalities in Sex Offenders1467 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, only these abnormal ideas are capable of eliciting an orgasmic response. Contrary to these theories is the hypothesis that brain dysfunction may not produce the sexual urges; rather it may function to weaken an individuals control of deviant sexual urges (McConaghy, 1993). 2) Descriptive theories It specifies the cognitive, behavioural, motivational and contextual factors associated with the commission of a sexual offence. It focuses on the more temporal and proximal causes or ratherRead MoreThe And Social Construction Theory1429 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will focus on what I think are the two important topics on deciding someone is deviant or not. While examining nation state legality I’m going to put emphasis on the way law changes between places such as countries and within time periods. This will then lead onto looking at how crime statistics are recorded and especially (particularly rather than especially) the dark figure of crime which links back to the ‘what other people do about it’ part of the question. Moving on to SocialRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Date Rape is the well-known act of persuaded, or potentially forced, unconsented sex with another person. There are numerous explanations for why date rapes, or rapes in general, occur. As laid out in some academic papers, prescribed cultural masculine ideologies may be the explanation for the motive of the act. Merton and Durkeim’s Strain Theory gives some bases in the explanation of this, as pertaining the strain involved in achieving these ideologies (goals). Some initiatives byRead MoreResidential Instability And Mobility, Racial Ethnic Heterogeneity946 Words   |  4 Pageslocal community (Sutherland et al. 2013 p.3) Sociological perspective on deviant behaviour/guns and gangs The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behaviour that violates our laws) is known as criminology. The concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. In other words, what one group may consider acceptable, another may consider deviant such as robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault, just to name a few. However, as stated earlier,Read MoreDefining Deviance1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe customary Social groups create deviance by applying rules to certain people, making them â€Å"outsiders† Behavior that is deviant or normal depending on the situation Deviance stabilizes society Durkheim thinks that societies use deviance to create and point out the standard norms The Medicalization of Deviance   Medicalization of Deviance- illness explaining someone’s deviant behavior example: alcoholism Functionalist Theories of Deviance There would be no norms without defiance Deviance is necessaryRead MoreProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 Pagesphysiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to human s needs, then how can sex be thought of as an act that is deviant? Deviance can be any behavior, belief or thought, that one person or society does not agree with, so basically anything we do, say, or think, could be considered to be deviant through the eyes of another person, culture or society. Defined by Merriam-Webster s Concise Encyclopedia, Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexualRead MoreTheories of Crime: Causes and Legalities1455 Words   |  6 Pagesassociation extended on the learning perspective. Sutherlands work basically consists of a culture conflict that is typically the difficult problems within a society. He basically talks about how the society holds the power to turn any person into a deviant person. (Sellin, 1938) Akers provides a more refined version of Sutherland stated. Akers adds on to this theory the concept of force or reinforcement. He states that reinforcement is the factor that increases or reduces the tendency of a person to

Missouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 ) - 1609 Words

Missouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and the smell of alcohol. After refusing to take the breath test, McNeely was arrested and taken to a nearby hospital so they could do a blood test. McNeely refused, but the officer still told a lab technician to take his blood. His blood alcohol level tested far above the legal limit, and he was later charged with driving under the influence. He later argued that the taking of his blood without consent violated his Fourth Amendment rights in which the court agreed. I found this cas e interesting because we see a lot of drunk driving today and it s an uneasy feeling knowing that drunk drivers could possibly get away with the crime they are committing since it may take a while for an officer to get a warrant. I would like to see the stages that the Supreme Court went through to get to the decision they came up with. When McNeely got stopped by the police officer, he had told the officer that he had drunken a couple of beers. After he didn t pass a battery of field-sobrietyShow MoreRelatedMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1610 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level becau se he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurredRead MoreUnited States, Missouri V. Mcneely, 569 U. S1404 Words   |  6 Pages Name and Citation of Case: United States, Missouri v. Mcneely, 569 U. S. (2013) Decision: The Supreme Court attests. The Court noticed that its point of reference requests a case-by-case examination when lower courts figure out if urgent conditions advocated a warrantless pursuit. However, the State contended that exigency essentially exists in any DWI related blood test given that blood-alcohol content quickly decreases with time, the Court found no argumentation to embrace a per se ruleRead MoreThe Court : The Supreme Court Exists1459 Words   |  6 Pagesexigency in DWI cases. The State Supreme Court affirmed, relying on Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, in which this Court upheld a DWI suspect’s warrantless blood test where the officer â€Å"might reasonably have believed that he was confronted with an emergency, in which the delay necessary to obtain a warrant, under the circumstances, threatened ‘the destruction of evidence,’ † id., at 770 (Missouri v. McNeely, 2013) How the Vote Decided: Majority Opinion, Concurring, Dissenting: The majorityRead MoreThe Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the2200 Words   |  9 Pagesapplication of blood and DNA in regular law enforcement. The decisions in Samson v. California, Missouri v. McNeely, and Maryland v. King have assessed and standardized the use of blood and DNA technology in the United States of America. When assessing Fourth Amendment challenges to blood and DNA extraction and evaluation, Samson v. California remains essential to understand the evolution of the Fourth Amendment. In Samson v. California, a law enforcement officer, familiar with a defendant’s paroleRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Under The Constitution Prohibits Unreasonable Searches And Seizures1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment under the Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 353 (1967). The general rule under the Fourth Amendment requires a search warrant to be obtained before a search. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2482 (2014). However, a search without a warrant may be reasonable if it falls within an exception to the warrant requirement. Id. at 2482. Some exceptions that have been argued in drunk driving cases are â€Å"exigent circumstances† and â€Å"search-incident-to-arrestRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe search must be made when the arrest takes place and the area that can be searched is that which is in the immediate reach of the suspect. In deciding Chimel v. California (1969), the Supreme Court held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in Riley v. California (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee s cellular phone. The Court said that earlier SupremeRead MoreWarren vs Rehnquist Courts Essay2137 Words   |  9 Pageswas Brown v Board of Education of Copeka, Kansas (1954). The court unanimously ruled that there is no place for the doctrine of separate but equal doctrine in the sphere of public education. The Warren Court d emonstrated its value for liberalism and activism. The view of the Warren Court was that states are a hindrance in the enhancement of a just nation. In the sphere of criminal procedure and law enforcement, Chief Justice Earl Warren’s Court was associated with four chief cases: Terry v Ohio (1968)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCourier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher priorRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesmanagement) 1977–2005. He received his B.A. in economics and management from Millikin University, M.B.A. from Indiana University, and doctorate in operations management from the College of Business, University of Oregon. He is certified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value †Seminar Free Essays

string(160) " ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value\." In contemporary social science, the concept of â€Å"value† has attained currency in such disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, value is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources pursued by competing groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Value in political economy, basically refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the â€Å"risk taker†, the entrepreneur.In other words, value refers to that unpaid labour of the worker which the capitalist pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of value is an integral part of the labour process in general, capitalist commodity production, wear and tear of the working class and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of value (Absolute and Relative) cannot be understood without recourse to the mode of production that brings it about as well as the nature of social relations of production.Under capitalism, labour power becomes a commodity and like any commodity, it has its value and use value. The value of any commodity like labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. Therefore, surplus value is derived from surplus labour of a worker. The worker creates a value which the owner of the means of production appropriates without compensation. Marx’s Das Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of surplus value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the labour power of the workers.In this direction, he maintained that that surplus value can be categorized into â€Å"Absolute and Relative†. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of labour power is used in extending capital. A school master is a productive labour or his labour power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce surplus value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historical context which has continued to associate the worker and surplus value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the labour power of workers can be looked at from two angles: the first being the production of Absolute surplus value which becomes possible in the prolongation of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in a given time.From one stand point, an y distinction between Absolute and Relative surplus value appears illusory. Relative surplus value is Absolute since it compels the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour time necessary to the existence of the labourer himself; While Absolute surplus value is relative since it makes necessary such a development of the productiveness of labour, as will allow of the necessary labour time being confined to a portion of the working day. The second way of increasing the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the relative surplus value which is derived by a reduction of the necessary labour time without any changes in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, both the Absolute and Relative surplus value are defined within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Marx tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he says is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production; that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer would have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative sur plus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate aim of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above two conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say that the increasing complexity of the needs of society has correspondingly increased the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production. Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenced under two conditions: The first being the subsistence of workers when man gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatic change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man; the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to Marx, thrives on man’s assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons in forms social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied human wants, his capabilities, means of production and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the conservation and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. You read "Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar" in category "Papers" Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour rather as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this view of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believe that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill believed surplus value can still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value can be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final price of the commodity.Surplus value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is also important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady flow of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to examine the views of Karl Marx on the following Sub themes: CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS VALUE: Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in order to live and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his needs and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are three important factors that determine the value of labour power: i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the workerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, writing materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption while the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative magnitudes of surplus value and of price of labour power are determined by three circumstances: a. The length of the working day b. The normal intensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be constant and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power: LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR VARIABLE : The above assumptions are determined by three laws: First, a working day of a given length always creates the same amount of value, irrespective of the productiveness of labour and with it the mass of the product and the price of each of the product may vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts: The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes the utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Ag ain, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions. A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or decrease influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the same direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour power, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot fall and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of #10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power; therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminishing. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from #10,000 to #8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in five hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to pro duce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from #10,000 to #12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or diminution in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiveness of labour. WORKING DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE : In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. Productiveness of labour will also result in more products in a given day of 7 hours. Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technical progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the working class to poverty and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a day’s labour increases from #8,000 to #10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has risen above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanied by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not compensate for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE: The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that: A shortening of the working day under the conditions leaving the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unaltered; it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the working day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered; the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasized here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminishing productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power required for production would have increased. Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes; its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases; both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may increase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus labour time. However, the more the produc tiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened; and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE: The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce: a Surplus value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = S’x V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion: How to cite Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar, Papers

EMANUEL KAKAOUNAKIS Essay Example For Students

EMANUEL KAKAOUNAKIS Essay CHAPTER 7COGNITION LANGUAGEHUBBLE TELESCOPE-PROBLEM SOLVING-COGNITION PSYCHOLOGY-COGNITION-THINKING REASONING-LANGUAGETHINKING-ONLY HUMANS CAN CONTEMPLATE, ANALYZE, RECOLLECT OR PLAN-THINKING= THE MANIPULATION OF MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF INFO-REPRESENTATION= WORD, VISUAL IMAGE, SOUND OR OTHER DATA-REPRESENTATIONS TRANSFORM INTO A DIFFERENT FORM TO ALLOW PROBLEM SOLVING-WE DO NOT REALLY KNOW HOW THIS HAPPENS-WE DO UNDERSTAND FUNDEMENTAL ELEMENTSMENTAL IMAGES-NOT JUST VISUAL BUT AUDITORY AS WELL AS OTHER SENSES-HAVE MANY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE ACTUAL OBJECT OR EVENT-WE ARE ABLE TO MANIPULATE THE VISUAL IMAGE OF AN OBJECT-CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE VARIOUS SKILLS-BASKET BALL TRAINING-REASERCH INDICATES THAT IT WORKS-PIANO LESSONS, THREE GROUPS, SIMILAR BRAIN SCANSCONCEPTS-ORGANIZE PHENOMENA INTO SIMPLE CATEGORIES-CLASSIFY NEW EXPIERIENCE ACCORDING TO PAST EXPIERIENCE-CAR, MAKE AND MODEL-INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR, WHAT IS APPROPRIATE-EARLY REASERCH, CLEARLY DEFINED SET OF FEATURES FOR EACH CATEGORY, WITHOUT FEATURES OBJECT DID NOT FIT-MORE RELEVENT TO OUR LIVES ARE MORE AMBITIOUS, DIFFICULT TO DEFINE-THINK OF AMBIGUOUS CONCEPTS WE THINK OF AN EXAMPLE-EXAMPLE= PROTOTYPES, EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTS THAT MOST PEOPLE WILL AGREE-ALLOWS US TO THINK ABOUT THE WORLDJUDGEMENTS-WASH HANDS 20X PER DAY-DOCTOR OR MENTAL PATIENT-FRAME WORK WE EXPIERIENCE THE BEHAVIOR-CONCEPTS ALLOW US TO DRAW APPROPRIATE CONCLUSIONSREASONING-PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS USED TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS AND MAKE DECISIONS DEDUCTIVE-DRAW INFERENCES FROM A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS THAT ARE TRUE-SYLOGISM-PREMISE CAN BE INNACURATE-EVEN IF THE LOGIC IS CORRECT THE PREMISE CAN BE WRONG-EVEN IF LOGIC IS NOT SOUND PEOPLE WILL BELIVE IT-CULTURE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLEINDUCTIVE-USING A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE WE MAKE GENERAL RULES-SHERLOCK HOLMES, SPECIFIC CLUES, INFER THE CRIMINAL-WE ALL USE INDUCTIVE REASONINGMENTAL SHORT CUTS-ALOGRITHM, RULE IF FOLLOWED WILL GUARANTEE A SOLUTION, WE MAY NOT UNDERSTAND WHY, MATH FORMULAS-HEURISTI C, A RULE OF THUMB, MAY BRING ABOUT A SOLUTION BUT NO GUARENTEEHEURISTIC-CAN BACKFIRE-REPRESENTATATIVE OF HEURISTIC, JUDGE PEOPLE ACCORDING TO A CATEGORY, LEAD TO PREJUDICE-MURDER VS DISEASE PLANE VS AUTOPROBLEM SOLVING-TOWER OF HANOI PUZZLE-HOW DO WE SOLE LIFES SIMPLE DAY TO DAY PROBLEMS-THREE MAJOR STEPS -PREPARATION-PRODUCTION OF SOLUTIONS-EVALUATIONS OF EACH SOLUTIONPREPARATION-UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM, ANY RESTRICTIONS, WELL DEFINED, MATH OR ILL DEFINED PROBLEMS, PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST-DEFINED, WELL DEFINE DINFORMATION, JUDGEMENT STRAIGHT FORWARDTYPES OF PROBLEMS-ARRANGEMENT, GROUP OF ELEMENTS MUST BE ARRANGED TO SATISFY CRITERIA, JIG SAW PUZZLE-INDUCING STRUCTURE, IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ELEMENTS, CONSTRUCT A NEW RELATIONSHIP-TRANSFORMATION, CHANGE AN INITIAL STATE USING A SERIES OF METHODS-ANY PROBLEM INITIAL STAGE OF UNDERSTANDING IS CRITICAL TO PROBLEM SOLVING-FILTER OUT UNIMPORTANT INFORMATION TO SIMPLIFY TASKS-CRITICAL HOW WE REPRESENT THE PROBLEM TO OUSELEVES AND THEN ORGANIZE THE INFORMATION-PRODUCTION, RETRIEVE SOLUTION FROM LONG TERM MEMORY-TRIAL ERROR, MOST PRIMITIVE METHOD, COULD SPEND A LIFE TIME NOT FIND SOLUTION-MEANS AND ANALYSIS, HEURISTIC ONLY WORK IF THERE IS A DIRECT SOLUTION-SUBGOALS, HEURISTIC, DIVIDE PROBLEM INTO STEPS, TOWER OF HANOI-NOT ALL PROBLEMS CAN BE DIVIDED OR TOO COMPLICATED-INSIGHT, SUDDEN COMPREHENSION NOT A STEP BY STE PROCESS-WOLFGANG KOHLER, 1927, CHIMPS-PRIOR EXPERIENCE TRIAL ERROR ARE PREREQUISITES FOR INSIGHTJUDGEMENTS-FINAL STEP OF THE PROCESS-CLEAR SOLUTION, MATH PROBLEM-IF NOT CONCRETE, MAKE A JUDGEMENT-WE ARE NOT ALWAYS THE BEST JUDGE OF OUR WORK, INFLUENCED BY OUR PAST EXPERIENCE-CREATE OBSTACLES, BIASESIMPEDIMENTS TO PROBLEM SOLVING-DIFFICULT PROBLEM BECAUSE OF PRESENTATION-THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM CAN EFFECT THE EASE OF SOLUTION-WE ALL THINK ALONG A LOGICAL SEQUENCE TO SOLVE A PROBLEMFUNCTIONAL FLEXEDNESS-CANDLE PROBLEM, THOUGHT OF THE BOX AS ONLY AS A CONTAINER-PEN, LADIES HOSIERY-MENTA L SET, DIFFICULTY TH #6, IF PRESENTED FIRST YOU WOULD HAVE KNOW PROBLEM-ID PROBLEM 9 DOTSINACCURATE EVALUATION OF SOLUTIONS-THREE MILE ISLAND, FACULTY MONITOR, EVEN WHEN SECOND MONIOR READS MELT DOWN-CONFORMATION BIAS, EFFORT TO RETHINK A PROBLEM, HUMANS ARE CRAZYCREATIVITY-WE CAN GIVE EXAMPLES BUT NOT STUDY ITS PARTS, CAN STUDY SOME FACTORS-DIVERGENT THINKING, GENERATE UNUSUAL BUT APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS-CONVERGENT THINKING-WILLINGNESS TO TAKE RISKS, HIGH PAY OFF OR HIGH EMBARASSMENT-CONGITIVE COMPLEXITY, PREFERENCE FOR INTRICATE ELABURATE, COMPLEX THINKING PATTERNSLANGUAGE-SYSTEMATIC MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF SYMBOLS-LEWIS CARROLL NONSENSE POEM-CONGNITIVE ABILITY NECESSARY FOR COMMUNICATION-LINK BETWEEN HOW WE THINK, UNDERSTAND OUR WORLD AND OUR LANGUAGEELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE-GRAMMAR, SYSTEM OF RULES THAT GOVERN OUR EXPRESSION-PHONOLOGY, SOUNDS TO WORDS-SYNTAX, HOW WORDS AND PHRASES ARE CONSTRUCTED-SEMANTICS, MEANING OF WORDSLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT-BABYS BABBLE, 3 MONTHS TO A YEAR-VOCAL IZE ALL POSSIBLE SOUNDS IN ALL LANGUAGE-DEAF CHILDREN BABBLE-OTHER LANGUAGE SOUNDS DISSAPEAR BY AGE ONE-AFTER ONE YEAR, PUT WORDS TOGETHER TO COMMUNICATE-2 YEAR OLD HAS 250 WORD VOCABULARY-2 12 YEAR OLD, SEVERAL HUNDRED-5 YEAR OLD HAS LEARNED BASIC RULES OF GRAMMARLEARNING- THEORY APPROACH-CONDITIONING RIENFORCEMENT-BABBLING, ADULTS RIENFORCE CERTAIN SOUNDS-SHAPES THE CHILDS SPEECHNOAM CHOMSKY-INATE MECHANISM, BORN WITH A LINGUISTIC ABILITY THAT FUNCTIONS AS A RESULT OF MATURATION .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .postImageUrl , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:hover , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:visited , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:active { border:0!important; } .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } 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