REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Essay -- Neurology Sleeping Papers

Our awareness of the complexity of sleep expanded in 1953 with the discovery of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman. Sleep was no longer considered a homogenous state, but rather a dynamic process of cycling between two distinct states, non-REM and REM sleep. Under normal circumstances the boundaries between non-REM, REM and wakefulness are well declared. Dissociative sleep disorders involve a breakdown of these boundaries (Mahowald and Schenck 1992), and provide a unique window on the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for each state. Narcolepsy, a disorder of the boundary between wakefulness and REM sleep, is probably the most studied disorder of this nature. The following is a review of another recently described REM sleep boundary disorder called REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD is characterized by the acting-out of violent dreams during REM sleep, often with injurious consequences (Schenck et al. 1986, 1987). As with narcolepsy, RBD involves a d issociation of REM sleep phenomena and their underlying mechanisms, therefore providing yet another opportunity to broaden our understanding of the complexity of sleep. A brief discussion of REM sleep phenomenology is required before proceeding. REM sleep is characterized by specific phenomena that distinguish it from non-REM sleep and wakefulness (Siegel 1994). These phenomena are grouped according to whether their occurrence is tonic (occurring throughout REM) or phasic (occurring intermittently during REM). Tonic phenomena include, low-voltage desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta rhythm, electromyographic (EMG) atonia, olfactory bulb activity, high arousal threshold, elevated brain temperature, poikilothermia, and penile ... ...REM sleep components in cats: integrity of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) is important for phasic events but unnecessary for atonia during REM sleep. Brain Res., 571 :50-63. Siegel, J. M. 1994. Brainstem mechanisms generating REM sleep. In: Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. and Dement, W. C. eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 125-144. Sugano, T., Suenaga, K., Endo, S., et al. 1980. Withdrawal delirium in a patient with nitrazepam addictio. Jpn. J: EEG EMG, 8 :34-35. Tachibana, M., Tanaka, K., Hishikawa, Y. and Kaneko, Z. 1975. A sleep study of acute psychotic states due to alcohol and meprobamate addiction. Advances in Sleep Research, 2:177-205. Wright, B. A., Rosen, J. R., Buysse, D. J. et al. 1990. Shy-Drager syndrome presenting as a REM behavioral disorder. J. Geriatric Psychiat. Neurol., 3:110-113.

Internet Shopping Essay

In the technologically advanced world that we live in today, it seems as though there are very few things that cannot now be done via the Internet. Internet shopping is one activity in particular that has grown to be especially popular, and in fact there are some people who will no longer buy anything if it is not available online. There are two very strong opinions on this subject, those who are for Internet shopping and those who are against it. Both sides make very viable points and there are understandable reasons behind their opinions, however before one can take either side of this discussion, there is some important information regarding this matter that needs to be taken into consideration. â€Å"Past commentaries on the potential impact of the Internet on consumer marketing have typically failed to acknowledge that consumer markets are heterogeneous and complex and that the Internet is but one possible distribution, transaction, and communication channel in a world dominated by conventional retailing channels. † (Peterson, 1997). The objective of this paper is to provide a sort of framework for understanding about the possible impacts of the Internet shopping experience on consumers, the aim being to bring attention to this information, and to address both the benefits and the concerns that are associated with Internet shopping. This is what will be dissertated in the following. We have certainly come a long way over the years – only a decade ago one wouldn’t have even been able to imagine the possibility of making purchases and shopping over a computer. Today however, Internet shopping is incredibly popular and offers a surreal convenience that is really nothing less than remarkable. You can find pretty much anything over the Internet, and one of the best parts of all is that you can purchase items from the other side of the world all with just a click of a button, and without ever having to leave the comfort of your own home. This allows the buyer to be more at ease and feel more relaxed while shopping, something that everyone can appreciate. There are both advantages and disadvantages to Internet shopping however, as well as many issues that need to be learned and fully understood before one gets themselves involved in the online shopping process. There are various different concerns that are present here, and a large majority of people who are against Internet shopping because they feel that it is too dangerous. Privacy issues are a top concern, especially since for most purchases online you need a credit card, and so consumers worry that their credit card number and other personal information will be out there in cyberspace and third parties will be able to access the information. There are a few ways to ensure that this isn’t possible however, namely ensuring that the company you are purchasing from makes sure that all of the information flowing to and from their website is encrypted, making it next to impossible for hackers or other third parties to access and use. Consumers should only buy from websites that are professional looking, because after all the greater the success and reputation of a company, the more money they are going to be able and willing to put into their website, so this will say a lot about them. You also want to ensure that both the website and your web browser are set to the highest level of security notification and monitoring, so that even if by chance something does go wrong, or a third party is noticed on the site, you will be warned about it in advance. There are also certain disclosure requirements that you will want to be aware of before buying anything off the Internet, and this means understanding what you are agreeing to in a contract, as the regulation states that before you make any type of Internet purchase, the seller that you are buying from must give you the following information: â€Å"The business name, address, and telephone number; a description of the goods or services; an itemized list of the price of goods or services and any associated costs payable by the consumer including taxes and shipping charges; a description of any additional charges that may apply to the contract such as customs duties and brokerage fees whose amounts cannot reasonably be determined by the supplier; the currency in which the amount owing is payable; the terms, conditions and method of payment; the supplier’s cancellation, return, exchange and refund policies, if any; the delivery date and delivery arrangements; any other limitatio ns or conditions that may apply. † (Service Alberta, 2006). Another advantage to online shopping is one that most people actually do not even realize, as it involves the environment. Consumers who shop online typically receive parcels from major private carriers such as UPS and FedEx, and so from a short-term perspective at least, the cultural shift away from the typical brick and mortar retail has shown to be positive, as it seems to offer a net boost to recycling programs. There are many people who are for Internet shopping, who feel safer putting their trust in an online company than in an actual employee. People who want to remain anonymous and have more privacy when shopping also tend to prefer the Internet, because they are able to buy the items they want without anyone ever having to know that it was them. The convenience feature is another of the most major benefits, as you can make time to do your shopping when you want, and not have to dictate your schedule around the hours of retail stores. There are many other benefits that consumers receive from shopping online as well, such as the fact that they are typically offered a much wide range of products from a company’s website than they would be in a regular store. This is mainly because when you buy online you are buying directly from the manufacturer and so they always have the offered items in stock, whereas if you purchase from a retail store, this is sort of a secondhand merchant and so if they are out of stock of a particular item you will have to wait for them to order it in from the manufacturer before you can purchase it. From this review we are able to conclude many things, namely that Internet shopping can be a very positive experience, but only if the consumer doing the purchasing is aware of the concerns and makes sure to take every necessary step in order to protect themselves. Online shopping can be an incredibly convenient, simple, and enjoyable purchasing process, but only if and when all the necessary precautions and steps are taken. Identity theft and other Internet-related crime issues that tend to make consumers paranoid to shop online are actually rarities, and usually only happen when the consumer is careless and does not take the proper steps in protecting themselves before giving out their personal information online. The most important thing is to be educated, and the more you make yourself knowledgeable on this matter, the better off you are going to be. References Ingham, L. (2001). Grandma’s Guide to Internet Shopping. Willow Island, NE: Willow Island Editions. Peterson, R. A. (1997). Exploring the Implications of the Internet for Consumer Marketing, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25 (4): 329-346. Service Alberta. (2006). Internet Shopping. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from

Jane Eyre Theme of The Supernatural - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 786 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Jane Eyre Essay Did you like this example? Elements of the supernatural occur often throughout Jane Eyre. The gothic novel, written by Charlotte Bront, features multiple occurrences of supernatural elements during the duration of Janes journey through life. Bront is able to weave supernatural elements such as the legend of Gytrash, the red room, and the hearing of inexplicable voices into the plot, with these elements having key impacts on both the characters and the events in the novel. As Jane begins to make herself comfortable at Thornfield, she appears to see a horse approaching in the distance. She begins to suspect that she is encountering Gytrash, a spirit that disguises itself as an animal, such as a horse, in order to startle belated travellers (Bront 133). While it is later learned that this was merely Rochester arriving home, it is still a supernatural element. Gytrash is a spirit, which is clearly supernatural. This interaction is significant as it shows the trauma of Gateshead still impacts Jane. Despite being away from those who traumatized her, Jane still faces the trauma, just in a different form. After facing harassment from those around her, Janes fears now are focused on the supernatural. The trauma Jane faced as a child could make her more succeptiable to believing in supernatural creatures, such as Gytrash. Jane has an active imagination, which allows for her to translate the childhood traumas she had endured into a fear of supernatural beings. T his can be seen as a coping mechanism for Jane. She is able to turn her real life abuse from her family and turn her fears towards creatures that are not real. Jane, knowing that these creatures are not real compared to the mistreatment from her family members, can consciously place her fears into spirits and vampires as she knows they cannot actually harm her. Gytrash is just one example of Janes many fears towards the supernatural in order to cope with her early childhood trauma. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jane Eyre: Theme of The Supernatural" essay for you Create order When placed in the red room as a punishment by Mrs. Reed, Jane encounters the supernatural as she encounters Mr. Reeds spirit (Bront 22). An encounter with a ghost is without a doubt a supernatural element. Despite being explained as merely a light within the room, the spirit of Mr. Reed still affects Jane and her life. The trauma of being placed in the red room became too much for Jane to take, resulting in her experiencing hysteria. Jane eventually faints from all the stress she experiences, highlighting just how traumatic this event truly was. Living in a home where you are unwanted and treated poorly for multiple years followed by being forced into the room where your uncle died is nothing but cruel and can substantially traumatize a person for life, let alone a young child. Events like these alter a persons life and can influence not only their mindset, but also their personality and choices. With Jane being the main character of the novel and being traumatized from this, the re d room heavily impacts the plot of the story. As Jane begins to contemplate whether she should marry St. John or not, she hears a familiar voice in the distance. The voice of Rochester is calling out for Jane, yelling where are you! (Bront 485). Despite Rochester being nowhere near Jane, Jane can clearly hear Rochester exclaiming into the night. Hearing the voice of a person nowhere near is clearly supernatural. Rochester later reveals that he too heard Janes voice responding to him. This highlights how strong the connection and relationship between Jane and Rochester truly is. Their feelings towards one another are strong enough to become supernatural, as it is the only explanation for both being able to hear their partners voice from an impossible distance. Hearing Rochesters voice also allowed for Jane to recognize that she does not want to marry St. John, despite his constant attempts at persuasion. Hearing the voice of Rochester at such a pivotal moment in her life has allowed for Jane to see that she must return to Thornfi eld and rekindle her relationship with Rochester. Without the supernatural occurrence of hearing ones voice from miles away, Jane would most likely have married St. John despite her true feelings towards him. Bront does not explain this supernatural event, contrary to every other supernatural occurrence in the novel. Doing so allows for the reader to see that Rochester and Jane were truly meant for one another. Bront uses the classic elements of a gothic novel to her advantage, as they influence the plot of the novel. Weaved throughout Jane Eyre, supernatural elements such as Gytrash, the red room, and inexplicable voices are used. These elements are used to achieve the goal of impacting both the characters and events throughout the novel.