Is Rape A Deviant - 1201 Words

1. In what ways is rape â€Å"deviant† or not in places where is it relatively common? Answer this question in terms of deviant roles and places, deviant acts and victims, formal and informal social controls, and the irony of social control. Generally rape is considered a deviant act in the majority of the world. Especially in the most developed countries, where it is extensively condemn by the citizens as well as the laws. However, there are some places where rape is accepted as a simple fact, a daily occurrence, due to the poverty of the country and the lack of education in some cases. This behavior becomes so common that it is seen as less deviant than in other places like the United Stated, where laws are more strict and clear and harsher†¦show more content†¦Seen it this way deviance is more the result of what society considers deviant than a consequence due to the quality of the act. He believes that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels that are placed about the person, which modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way in which others respond to the labeled person. Becker’s approach focuses on enforced rules; he views those that fallow the rules different from those that break them, and believes that those people who break the rules feel at odds with those who fallow them, felling like outsiders when they accept their deviant behavior. He said that when someone is given the label of a criminal, he or she might reject or accept that label and continue to commit crime. Those who reject the label can eventually accept it as it becomes better known and this stigma can lead to the amplification of the deviant behavior. The behavior can be amplified since based on this label; the individual becomes treated differently by those around them. The label will become internalized by the individual; in particular if the people surrounding the subject agrees with the label and that can influence the amplification of the behavior. 3.Why is there so much drug abuse on college campuses? Which of the following Perspectives provides the most insight into this problem, and why:Show MoreRelatedSocial Deviance and Social Norms Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesnorms. So what qualifies as a social deviant? According to sociologist, Howard S. Becker the best definition of social deviance is, â€Å"It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that do something deviant.† In cultures around the world, there are many practices Americans find deviant, but in other cultures, it’s the norm. In many countries around the world, girls are married as young as 11 years old. To Americans, that is considered child abuse and rape, but that is only because of our socialRead MoreRape And Its Effect On Society1561 Words   |  7 Pagesword Deviance or Deviant, this means that any action or behavior that is considered unacceptable to society as a whole. The meaning of being raped is where the rapist forces sex upon their victim of the rapists choosing. Rape is a type of sexual behavior that is considered a deviant act that is unacceptable to society. At least, unacceptable in the United States since committing this type of criminal deviant act could result in being arrested if caught. Being the victim of this deviant act can happenRead MoreSexual Deviance Is Any Abnormal Sexual Act997 Words   |  4 Pages the term intercourse does not have the same meaning in our current society. Our norms are decided via interest groups shunning religion and standing up for human rights. Yes, there was deviance in ancient days, thus unwanted pregnancies, incest, rape, but we it was not up for public detail, discussion, or review. Based on the deviance theories, the labeling theory describes how deviance definitions have changed throughout the years, but differential association explains individual sexual devianceRead MorePathological Abnormalities in Sex Offenders1467 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, only these abnormal ideas are capable of eliciting an orgasmic response. Contrary to these theories is the hypothesis that brain dysfunction may not produce the sexual urges; rather it may function to weaken an individuals control of deviant sexual urges (McConaghy, 1993). 2) Descriptive theories It specifies the cognitive, behavioural, motivational and contextual factors associated with the commission of a sexual offence. It focuses on the more temporal and proximal causes or ratherRead MoreThe And Social Construction Theory1429 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will focus on what I think are the two important topics on deciding someone is deviant or not. While examining nation state legality I’m going to put emphasis on the way law changes between places such as countries and within time periods. This will then lead onto looking at how crime statistics are recorded and especially (particularly rather than especially) the dark figure of crime which links back to the ‘what other people do about it’ part of the question. Moving on to SocialRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Date Rape is the well-known act of persuaded, or potentially forced, unconsented sex with another person. There are numerous explanations for why date rapes, or rapes in general, occur. As laid out in some academic papers, prescribed cultural masculine ideologies may be the explanation for the motive of the act. Merton and Durkeim’s Strain Theory gives some bases in the explanation of this, as pertaining the strain involved in achieving these ideologies (goals). Some initiatives byRead MoreResidential Instability And Mobility, Racial Ethnic Heterogeneity946 Words   |  4 Pageslocal community (Sutherland et al. 2013 p.3) Sociological perspective on deviant behaviour/guns and gangs The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behaviour that violates our laws) is known as criminology. The concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. In other words, what one group may consider acceptable, another may consider deviant such as robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault, just to name a few. However, as stated earlier,Read MoreDefining Deviance1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe customary Social groups create deviance by applying rules to certain people, making them â€Å"outsiders† Behavior that is deviant or normal depending on the situation Deviance stabilizes society Durkheim thinks that societies use deviance to create and point out the standard norms The Medicalization of Deviance   Medicalization of Deviance- illness explaining someone’s deviant behavior example: alcoholism Functionalist Theories of Deviance There would be no norms without defiance Deviance is necessaryRead MoreProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 Pagesphysiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to human s needs, then how can sex be thought of as an act that is deviant? Deviance can be any behavior, belief or thought, that one person or society does not agree with, so basically anything we do, say, or think, could be considered to be deviant through the eyes of another person, culture or society. Defined by Merriam-Webster s Concise Encyclopedia, Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexualRead MoreTheories of Crime: Causes and Legalities1455 Words   |  6 Pagesassociation extended on the learning perspective. Sutherlands work basically consists of a culture conflict that is typically the difficult problems within a society. He basically talks about how the society holds the power to turn any person into a deviant person. (Sellin, 1938) Akers provides a more refined version of Sutherland stated. Akers adds on to this theory the concept of force or reinforcement. He states that reinforcement is the factor that increases or reduces the tendency of a person to

Missouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 ) - 1609 Words

Missouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and the smell of alcohol. After refusing to take the breath test, McNeely was arrested and taken to a nearby hospital so they could do a blood test. McNeely refused, but the officer still told a lab technician to take his blood. His blood alcohol level tested far above the legal limit, and he was later charged with driving under the influence. He later argued that the taking of his blood without consent violated his Fourth Amendment rights in which the court agreed. I found this cas e interesting because we see a lot of drunk driving today and it s an uneasy feeling knowing that drunk drivers could possibly get away with the crime they are committing since it may take a while for an officer to get a warrant. I would like to see the stages that the Supreme Court went through to get to the decision they came up with. When McNeely got stopped by the police officer, he had told the officer that he had drunken a couple of beers. After he didn t pass a battery of field-sobrietyShow MoreRelatedMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1610 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level becau se he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurredRead MoreUnited States, Missouri V. Mcneely, 569 U. S1404 Words   |  6 Pages Name and Citation of Case: United States, Missouri v. Mcneely, 569 U. S. (2013) Decision: The Supreme Court attests. The Court noticed that its point of reference requests a case-by-case examination when lower courts figure out if urgent conditions advocated a warrantless pursuit. However, the State contended that exigency essentially exists in any DWI related blood test given that blood-alcohol content quickly decreases with time, the Court found no argumentation to embrace a per se ruleRead MoreThe Court : The Supreme Court Exists1459 Words   |  6 Pagesexigency in DWI cases. The State Supreme Court affirmed, relying on Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, in which this Court upheld a DWI suspect’s warrantless blood test where the officer â€Å"might reasonably have believed that he was confronted with an emergency, in which the delay necessary to obtain a warrant, under the circumstances, threatened ‘the destruction of evidence,’ † id., at 770 (Missouri v. McNeely, 2013) How the Vote Decided: Majority Opinion, Concurring, Dissenting: The majorityRead MoreThe Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the2200 Words   |  9 Pagesapplication of blood and DNA in regular law enforcement. The decisions in Samson v. California, Missouri v. McNeely, and Maryland v. King have assessed and standardized the use of blood and DNA technology in the United States of America. When assessing Fourth Amendment challenges to blood and DNA extraction and evaluation, Samson v. California remains essential to understand the evolution of the Fourth Amendment. In Samson v. California, a law enforcement officer, familiar with a defendant’s paroleRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Under The Constitution Prohibits Unreasonable Searches And Seizures1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment under the Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 353 (1967). The general rule under the Fourth Amendment requires a search warrant to be obtained before a search. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2482 (2014). However, a search without a warrant may be reasonable if it falls within an exception to the warrant requirement. Id. at 2482. Some exceptions that have been argued in drunk driving cases are â€Å"exigent circumstances† and â€Å"search-incident-to-arrestRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe search must be made when the arrest takes place and the area that can be searched is that which is in the immediate reach of the suspect. In deciding Chimel v. California (1969), the Supreme Court held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in Riley v. California (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee s cellular phone. The Court said that earlier SupremeRead MoreWarren vs Rehnquist Courts Essay2137 Words   |  9 Pageswas Brown v Board of Education of Copeka, Kansas (1954). The court unanimously ruled that there is no place for the doctrine of separate but equal doctrine in the sphere of public education. The Warren Court d emonstrated its value for liberalism and activism. The view of the Warren Court was that states are a hindrance in the enhancement of a just nation. In the sphere of criminal procedure and law enforcement, Chief Justice Earl Warren’s Court was associated with four chief cases: Terry v Ohio (1968)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCourier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher priorRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesmanagement) 1977–2005. He received his B.A. in economics and management from Millikin University, M.B.A. from Indiana University, and doctorate in operations management from the College of Business, University of Oregon. He is certified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value †Seminar Free Essays

string(160) " ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value\." In contemporary social science, the concept of â€Å"value† has attained currency in such disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, value is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources pursued by competing groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Value in political economy, basically refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the â€Å"risk taker†, the entrepreneur.In other words, value refers to that unpaid labour of the worker which the capitalist pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of value is an integral part of the labour process in general, capitalist commodity production, wear and tear of the working class and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of value (Absolute and Relative) cannot be understood without recourse to the mode of production that brings it about as well as the nature of social relations of production.Under capitalism, labour power becomes a commodity and like any commodity, it has its value and use value. The value of any commodity like labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. Therefore, surplus value is derived from surplus labour of a worker. The worker creates a value which the owner of the means of production appropriates without compensation. Marx’s Das Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of surplus value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the labour power of the workers.In this direction, he maintained that that surplus value can be categorized into â€Å"Absolute and Relative†. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of labour power is used in extending capital. A school master is a productive labour or his labour power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce surplus value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historical context which has continued to associate the worker and surplus value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the labour power of workers can be looked at from two angles: the first being the production of Absolute surplus value which becomes possible in the prolongation of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in a given time.From one stand point, an y distinction between Absolute and Relative surplus value appears illusory. Relative surplus value is Absolute since it compels the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour time necessary to the existence of the labourer himself; While Absolute surplus value is relative since it makes necessary such a development of the productiveness of labour, as will allow of the necessary labour time being confined to a portion of the working day. The second way of increasing the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the relative surplus value which is derived by a reduction of the necessary labour time without any changes in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, both the Absolute and Relative surplus value are defined within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Marx tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he says is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production; that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer would have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative sur plus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate aim of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above two conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say that the increasing complexity of the needs of society has correspondingly increased the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production. Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenced under two conditions: The first being the subsistence of workers when man gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatic change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man; the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to Marx, thrives on man’s assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons in forms social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied human wants, his capabilities, means of production and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the conservation and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. You read "Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar" in category "Papers" Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour rather as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this view of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believe that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill believed surplus value can still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value can be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final price of the commodity.Surplus value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is also important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady flow of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to examine the views of Karl Marx on the following Sub themes: CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS VALUE: Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in order to live and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his needs and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are three important factors that determine the value of labour power: i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the workerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, writing materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption while the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative magnitudes of surplus value and of price of labour power are determined by three circumstances: a. The length of the working day b. The normal intensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be constant and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power: LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR VARIABLE : The above assumptions are determined by three laws: First, a working day of a given length always creates the same amount of value, irrespective of the productiveness of labour and with it the mass of the product and the price of each of the product may vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts: The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes the utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Ag ain, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions. A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or decrease influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the same direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour power, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot fall and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of #10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power; therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminishing. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from #10,000 to #8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in five hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to pro duce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from #10,000 to #12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or diminution in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiveness of labour. WORKING DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE : In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. Productiveness of labour will also result in more products in a given day of 7 hours. Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technical progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the working class to poverty and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a day’s labour increases from #8,000 to #10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has risen above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanied by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not compensate for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE: The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that: A shortening of the working day under the conditions leaving the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unaltered; it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the working day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered; the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasized here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminishing productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power required for production would have increased. Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes; its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases; both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may increase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus labour time. However, the more the produc tiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened; and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE: The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce: a Surplus value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = S’x V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion: How to cite Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar, Papers

EMANUEL KAKAOUNAKIS Essay Example For Students

EMANUEL KAKAOUNAKIS Essay CHAPTER 7COGNITION LANGUAGEHUBBLE TELESCOPE-PROBLEM SOLVING-COGNITION PSYCHOLOGY-COGNITION-THINKING REASONING-LANGUAGETHINKING-ONLY HUMANS CAN CONTEMPLATE, ANALYZE, RECOLLECT OR PLAN-THINKING= THE MANIPULATION OF MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF INFO-REPRESENTATION= WORD, VISUAL IMAGE, SOUND OR OTHER DATA-REPRESENTATIONS TRANSFORM INTO A DIFFERENT FORM TO ALLOW PROBLEM SOLVING-WE DO NOT REALLY KNOW HOW THIS HAPPENS-WE DO UNDERSTAND FUNDEMENTAL ELEMENTSMENTAL IMAGES-NOT JUST VISUAL BUT AUDITORY AS WELL AS OTHER SENSES-HAVE MANY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE ACTUAL OBJECT OR EVENT-WE ARE ABLE TO MANIPULATE THE VISUAL IMAGE OF AN OBJECT-CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE VARIOUS SKILLS-BASKET BALL TRAINING-REASERCH INDICATES THAT IT WORKS-PIANO LESSONS, THREE GROUPS, SIMILAR BRAIN SCANSCONCEPTS-ORGANIZE PHENOMENA INTO SIMPLE CATEGORIES-CLASSIFY NEW EXPIERIENCE ACCORDING TO PAST EXPIERIENCE-CAR, MAKE AND MODEL-INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR, WHAT IS APPROPRIATE-EARLY REASERCH, CLEARLY DEFINED SET OF FEATURES FOR EACH CATEGORY, WITHOUT FEATURES OBJECT DID NOT FIT-MORE RELEVENT TO OUR LIVES ARE MORE AMBITIOUS, DIFFICULT TO DEFINE-THINK OF AMBIGUOUS CONCEPTS WE THINK OF AN EXAMPLE-EXAMPLE= PROTOTYPES, EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTS THAT MOST PEOPLE WILL AGREE-ALLOWS US TO THINK ABOUT THE WORLDJUDGEMENTS-WASH HANDS 20X PER DAY-DOCTOR OR MENTAL PATIENT-FRAME WORK WE EXPIERIENCE THE BEHAVIOR-CONCEPTS ALLOW US TO DRAW APPROPRIATE CONCLUSIONSREASONING-PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS USED TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS AND MAKE DECISIONS DEDUCTIVE-DRAW INFERENCES FROM A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS THAT ARE TRUE-SYLOGISM-PREMISE CAN BE INNACURATE-EVEN IF THE LOGIC IS CORRECT THE PREMISE CAN BE WRONG-EVEN IF LOGIC IS NOT SOUND PEOPLE WILL BELIVE IT-CULTURE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLEINDUCTIVE-USING A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE WE MAKE GENERAL RULES-SHERLOCK HOLMES, SPECIFIC CLUES, INFER THE CRIMINAL-WE ALL USE INDUCTIVE REASONINGMENTAL SHORT CUTS-ALOGRITHM, RULE IF FOLLOWED WILL GUARANTEE A SOLUTION, WE MAY NOT UNDERSTAND WHY, MATH FORMULAS-HEURISTI C, A RULE OF THUMB, MAY BRING ABOUT A SOLUTION BUT NO GUARENTEEHEURISTIC-CAN BACKFIRE-REPRESENTATATIVE OF HEURISTIC, JUDGE PEOPLE ACCORDING TO A CATEGORY, LEAD TO PREJUDICE-MURDER VS DISEASE PLANE VS AUTOPROBLEM SOLVING-TOWER OF HANOI PUZZLE-HOW DO WE SOLE LIFES SIMPLE DAY TO DAY PROBLEMS-THREE MAJOR STEPS -PREPARATION-PRODUCTION OF SOLUTIONS-EVALUATIONS OF EACH SOLUTIONPREPARATION-UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM, ANY RESTRICTIONS, WELL DEFINED, MATH OR ILL DEFINED PROBLEMS, PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST-DEFINED, WELL DEFINE DINFORMATION, JUDGEMENT STRAIGHT FORWARDTYPES OF PROBLEMS-ARRANGEMENT, GROUP OF ELEMENTS MUST BE ARRANGED TO SATISFY CRITERIA, JIG SAW PUZZLE-INDUCING STRUCTURE, IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ELEMENTS, CONSTRUCT A NEW RELATIONSHIP-TRANSFORMATION, CHANGE AN INITIAL STATE USING A SERIES OF METHODS-ANY PROBLEM INITIAL STAGE OF UNDERSTANDING IS CRITICAL TO PROBLEM SOLVING-FILTER OUT UNIMPORTANT INFORMATION TO SIMPLIFY TASKS-CRITICAL HOW WE REPRESENT THE PROBLEM TO OUSELEVES AND THEN ORGANIZE THE INFORMATION-PRODUCTION, RETRIEVE SOLUTION FROM LONG TERM MEMORY-TRIAL ERROR, MOST PRIMITIVE METHOD, COULD SPEND A LIFE TIME NOT FIND SOLUTION-MEANS AND ANALYSIS, HEURISTIC ONLY WORK IF THERE IS A DIRECT SOLUTION-SUBGOALS, HEURISTIC, DIVIDE PROBLEM INTO STEPS, TOWER OF HANOI-NOT ALL PROBLEMS CAN BE DIVIDED OR TOO COMPLICATED-INSIGHT, SUDDEN COMPREHENSION NOT A STEP BY STE PROCESS-WOLFGANG KOHLER, 1927, CHIMPS-PRIOR EXPERIENCE TRIAL ERROR ARE PREREQUISITES FOR INSIGHTJUDGEMENTS-FINAL STEP OF THE PROCESS-CLEAR SOLUTION, MATH PROBLEM-IF NOT CONCRETE, MAKE A JUDGEMENT-WE ARE NOT ALWAYS THE BEST JUDGE OF OUR WORK, INFLUENCED BY OUR PAST EXPERIENCE-CREATE OBSTACLES, BIASESIMPEDIMENTS TO PROBLEM SOLVING-DIFFICULT PROBLEM BECAUSE OF PRESENTATION-THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM CAN EFFECT THE EASE OF SOLUTION-WE ALL THINK ALONG A LOGICAL SEQUENCE TO SOLVE A PROBLEMFUNCTIONAL FLEXEDNESS-CANDLE PROBLEM, THOUGHT OF THE BOX AS ONLY AS A CONTAINER-PEN, LADIES HOSIERY-MENTA L SET, DIFFICULTY TH #6, IF PRESENTED FIRST YOU WOULD HAVE KNOW PROBLEM-ID PROBLEM 9 DOTSINACCURATE EVALUATION OF SOLUTIONS-THREE MILE ISLAND, FACULTY MONITOR, EVEN WHEN SECOND MONIOR READS MELT DOWN-CONFORMATION BIAS, EFFORT TO RETHINK A PROBLEM, HUMANS ARE CRAZYCREATIVITY-WE CAN GIVE EXAMPLES BUT NOT STUDY ITS PARTS, CAN STUDY SOME FACTORS-DIVERGENT THINKING, GENERATE UNUSUAL BUT APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS-CONVERGENT THINKING-WILLINGNESS TO TAKE RISKS, HIGH PAY OFF OR HIGH EMBARASSMENT-CONGITIVE COMPLEXITY, PREFERENCE FOR INTRICATE ELABURATE, COMPLEX THINKING PATTERNSLANGUAGE-SYSTEMATIC MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF SYMBOLS-LEWIS CARROLL NONSENSE POEM-CONGNITIVE ABILITY NECESSARY FOR COMMUNICATION-LINK BETWEEN HOW WE THINK, UNDERSTAND OUR WORLD AND OUR LANGUAGEELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE-GRAMMAR, SYSTEM OF RULES THAT GOVERN OUR EXPRESSION-PHONOLOGY, SOUNDS TO WORDS-SYNTAX, HOW WORDS AND PHRASES ARE CONSTRUCTED-SEMANTICS, MEANING OF WORDSLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT-BABYS BABBLE, 3 MONTHS TO A YEAR-VOCAL IZE ALL POSSIBLE SOUNDS IN ALL LANGUAGE-DEAF CHILDREN BABBLE-OTHER LANGUAGE SOUNDS DISSAPEAR BY AGE ONE-AFTER ONE YEAR, PUT WORDS TOGETHER TO COMMUNICATE-2 YEAR OLD HAS 250 WORD VOCABULARY-2 12 YEAR OLD, SEVERAL HUNDRED-5 YEAR OLD HAS LEARNED BASIC RULES OF GRAMMARLEARNING- THEORY APPROACH-CONDITIONING RIENFORCEMENT-BABBLING, ADULTS RIENFORCE CERTAIN SOUNDS-SHAPES THE CHILDS SPEECHNOAM CHOMSKY-INATE MECHANISM, BORN WITH A LINGUISTIC ABILITY THAT FUNCTIONS AS A RESULT OF MATURATION .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .postImageUrl , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:hover , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:visited , .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1:active { border:0!important; } .u3fa579a7a0b106603a3cb0a3d2409df1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } 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Othello Importance Of Act I Essays - Othello, Iago, Roderigo

Othello: Importance Of Act I William Shakespeare's Othello is a tragic play consisting of five acts. Although each act is not of equal importance, each serves a distinct role that affects the quality of the play in its entirety. Removing any act would therefore greatly diminish the final product of this play; consequently, reducing the play's appeal to the audience. Since Act I satisfies several essential purposes, removing it would be a mistake. Ultimately, we would no longer be seeing Othello the way Shakespeare had intended us to. First of all, Act I serves as an introduction. As a result of Act I, we get a feel for the setting, the characters, and prior events that are required to thoroughly appreciate this play. Without receiving this vast amount of information, unfortunately the rest of the play does not have the same impact. For example, it is in Act I that we learn of Othello's ethnic as well as military background. Although the Moor finds himself the target of racial comments, the impression we get of him, throughout Act I, is one of simplicity combined with dignity and honesty. In Scene I, we are also informed of Othello and Desdemona's recent marriage. The situation regarding Othello's choice of lieutenant is another important event described in the first scene of Act I. Iago had attempted to bribe his way into this position, but Othello chose Cassio, a Florentine, whose knowledge of war was great despite his lack of experience. All of these events occurred prior to the start of the play, but are invol ved in the development of the play; therefore, they are recalled for our purposes in Act I. Removing the first act of Othello would consequently prevent us from realizing that these events had indeed taken place, making it quite difficult to understand the meaning of the play. In addition, the removal of Act I from Othello would weaken the audiences feelings of anguish for the characters. The deaths of Othello and Desdemona would be considered less tragic because the downfall of these characters would be to a lesser extent. In Act I, both Othello and Desdemona are portrayed at their greatest moment. Othello is depicted as a general of utmost ability. News of an imminent attack on the island of Cypress sends Venice into a state of emergency, so Othello is sent for. Othello's good reputation with the Duke and Senators convince us of his capabilities. Othellos high status is also demonstrated when he and Brabantia approach the Duke in scene III. Although Brabantia outranks Othello, the Duke initially acknowledges Othello by saying, Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you / against the general enemy Ottoman.( ). Similarly, Desdemonas finest qualities are also revealed in Act I. The senators daughter is depicted as a beautiful, elegant, young lady. Her pur eness and innocence provide a refreshing outlook toward life after witnessing Iagos intentions. Act I also shows Brabantios high influential power in Venice. Desdemonas courage to marry a man whom her father does not approve of represents the strength of Desdemonas love for Othello. These impressions are required to classify Othello as a tragic play. Without seeing these characters at such a height, in the beginning, their deaths may not be considered tragic in the end. Ultimately, without Act I the downfall of both Othello and Desdemona would not be as noticeable. Othello would not be a play of such caliber without Act I. The first act of the play is designed to set the play into action. In order to remain in control of Roderigos money, Iago must justify his actions. He decides to plot against both Othello and Cassio, introducing the motive for the play: Cassios a proper man; let me see now, To get his place and to plume up my will In double knaverry How, how? Lets see: After some time, to abuse Othellos ear That he is too familiar with his wife. This soliloquy reveals Iagos evil character to the audience and predicts what is to come. Despite Iagos reasoning to Roderigo that revenge is the motive behind his actions, we soon realize that Iago has a motiveless maliciousness; doing evil for his own enjoyment. In addition, the prominent theme of deception is

buy custom Ireland in the 1790s essay

buy custom Ireland in the 1790's essay Ireland experienced a number of revolutions in the 1790s. These revolutions were led by various rebellion groups among them, was the United Irishmen which organized the bloodiest revolution in the history of Ireland in 1798 (Connolly 57). The United Irishmen through their revolutions brought political changes to their country. This organization was formed in 1791 by a group of Anglicans and Presbyterians. Their objective was to lobby for more representation of the people of Ireland irrespective of whether they were Protestants or Catholics. They were dedicated to reforming the countrys political life. It was not until 1793 that Catholics in Ireland were given the right to vote. For the last two centuries before the 1798 revolution, only Anglicans could be elected to political seats (Smyth 205). They were the landlords and owned large chunks of land. On the other hand, though large in population, many Catholics were peasants and had no voice in politics. The rebels were largely inspir ed by the success of the French Revolution which enhanced freedom and rights of its people. Another objective of the United Irishmen society was to persuade the government and the parliament to amend the constitution so as to ensure all Irish people are incorporated in governance. They pushed for an independent republic. The society became a secret revolution. It even tried to persuade the French government to send troops to aid their revolution. The society grew with time and by middle of their leaders mobilized them to overthrow the regime. They hoped for a bloodless coup but what turned out was a series of massacres around the country with the worst hit county being Wexford. As a result of the rebels, the government realized the danger such rebels could pose and it moved quickly to intervene. Most of the rebel leaders were captured but this did not deter the rebels from fighting for the rights of the minority. More rebellious groups were formed in the rural areas. Though the groups never worked together their main objective was to bring an end the system of government at the time. The groups were spread all over the country and more people were willing to join them in their fight for a republic Ireland. The United Irishmen society continued to push for economic and religious reforms. With the support of Prime Minister Pitt, catholic were allowed to vote but could not contest for high offices. The Protestants Orange Society emerges seeking for land and Protestant control. Competition for land around this time was fueled by the high population. There had been a high rate of population growth around this time with the majority being Catholics and Protestant s. Due to Religious divisions, Anglicans were the landowners and they occupied all elective posts in the parliament (Fintan 112) They discriminated other religious groups from power and wealth. Most of these people were peasants who worked for the Anglicans in their farms. They were treated as animals, their children unable to attend school as they had to work for a living. These are some of the problems non-Anglicans faced before they went into a revolution. The Anglicans levied high taxes on their lands making it even harder for Catholics to rent them. Instead they used them to graze their cows. Furthermore, the Catholics and other Protestants were not represented in parliament. This meant that there was no one to listen to their problems and fight for their rights at the National Assembly. The Catholics faced many problems forcing others to migrate to other countries such as United States. Many laws that were passed in Ireland were aimed at weakening the Catholics and Protestants. Ireland experienced religious divisions which determined the success of individual. The French Revolution enhanced the prospects of reform as attention focused on the government to change their aristocratic system. Leading opposition leaders such John Forbes, Henry Grattan and Whig Club fought hard for parliamentary reforms and Catholic enfranchisement. Catholic committee on the other hand appealed to the British government and this put pressure on the Irish administration. As a result, the Irish ministers removed most of the restrictions on Catholics in employment, education and politically. Despite all of this, the Catholics felt all their demands were not honored and so they organized a Catholic Convention to press for admission into politics. In 1793, the ministers agreed to allow Catholics participation in politics. Another rebellious movement that emerged during this period was the Defender. The Defender was a big movement and had links with France. They pressed for anti-tax and anti-tithe initiatives. Defenders originated from the rural areas and comprised of weavers, laborers, and tenant farmers. By 1795 there were more than 4000 Defenders with links to popular republican clubs in the city. The Defenders were led by successful Catholic families at the regional level. These families provided a link between the Defenders and the United Irishmen. Government troops led a number of attacks against the Catholics (Connolly 97). In the process, they created sectarianism among the Defenders, but this was noted later when most of their leaders were killed. The 1978 rebellion represented an anti-colonial struggle. People were now able to move to centre stage and ensure that the governments run according to their expectation. They were no longer the servants of the wealthy but instead a mob that could overthrow the government. So as to counter attack the Catholic movements, the British governnment introduced a strategy aimed at encouraging the growth of sectarianism in order to create division among the workers and peasants of Ireland. The government introduced barriers to the link between the United Irishmen and Defender territories; it put protestants together in a pro-government movement and it split the Catholic Presbyterian alliance. Orange Order was established around this time for groups loyal to the government. Its members were given immunity; almost all magistrates in Ulster belonged to the Orange Order, and thus justice was hindered. Cases were decided in favor of the Protestants at the expense of the Catholics. From 1796, the British government carried out a campaign of terror against the Irishmen and the Defenders. The rule of law was suspended and troops ordered to take action against the people. Hundreds of men were seized from their homes and sent to jail without trial while others were sim ply killed. The general population was terrorized in a number of ways; their houses were burnt, crops destroyed, food and goods confiscated, and rape. In 1801, the Irish parliament is absorbed by the Westminster parliament as Ireland gets into a union with Great Britain. Catholics are granted most of their demands giving them a voice in decision making processes. Over time, Catholics become powerful as most of them are elected to the parliament. Famine is common and secret societies continue their attacks against the British rule. As time passes, more Acts are passed to look into the land policy so as to ensure that equity prevails. The revolutions marked the start of a new system of government that respected its citizens irrespective of their religion and ethnicity. Such revolutions inspired other countries to demand for their independence. They motivated the minority groups to rise against the oppression of the wealthy. It is as a result of these revolutions that Irish people are treated equally. Currently, Ireland is a well established economy able to provide jobs and housing to its growing population. Its government is neutral to world affairs and its citizens are governed by the rule of law. Unlike in the past, freedom of expression is a fundamental right for its citizens. Being in the union with Great Britain has improved their relations with the outside world facilitating trade and industrialization in the country. Their parliament has all the religious groups well represented and issues raised listened and measures taken. The issue of discrimination is far gone from their lives and cases of racism are few. The government has well set up goals to improving the lives of its people through provision of good health, quality education and equal accessibility to opportunities. Most of the changes seen in Ireland are directly attributed to the revolutions that took place in the 1790s. Buy custom Ireland in the 1790's essay

Economic Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Globalization - Essay Example These terms, however, are not at all synonymous. A world economy with high levels of international trade and investment, would not necessarily make a globalized economy. It may remain a highly internationalized economy in which most companies trade from their countries in distinct national economies (Weiss, 1997 , see Hirst and Thompson, 1996: 185). The term 'global' could be meant to represent a new or different level of interaction. For example , Michael Mann's (1997) fruitful distinction of five different socio-spatial networks of social interaction in the contemporary world order: local, national, international, transnational, and global. Local and national networks refer to relationships formed within the nation-state , for example, regional support groups. Inter-national networks involve relations between nations and state networks. A multinational corportion would be a good example including more formal institutions for regulating economic and military affairs, such as the EU, the WTO, NATO, and the UN. (Weiss, 1997) Transnational networks carry within them the ability to operate without regard to national boundaries and without being affected by them. Thus, although typically understood as worldwide, transnational networks are not necessarily the same as 'global' ones , since they could also comprise of neighbouring economies . Global networks operate on a worldwide basis, these networks could range from political netowrks to economic networks.. The Red Cross, although Swiss in origin, appears to fit the bill. Most of the global organizations been prey to the 'national' differences. (Weiss, 1997 see Hu, 1992: 120) Globalization means the overlapping and diffusion of national economies to the point where the significance of national and international networks is reduced in relation to transnational and global networks. The notion of globalization thus conveys a 'widening' and 'deepening' of international ties to a degree that creates a qualitatively new (i.e. global) network of social interaction. There is therefore thetwin issue of globalization that needs to be addressed. Firstly, whether transnational and global networks are growing in importance relative to national and inter-national ones. Secondly, even if global networks have advanced very far - as in financial markets -the extent to which national and inter-national networks contribute to their continued operation and existence. (Mann,1997). "The real issue, then, is whether the kind of world economy in the making is a transnational one in which displacement of national and inter- n a t i o n a l networks of interaction is occurring, or one in which such networks (and thus the state) retain a pivotal, if changing, role. In sum, the power of the global idea (and, indeed, the purported weakness of state power) turns on whether or not 'national' and 'inter-national' networks of interaction are being both outweighed and displaced by 'transnational' networks." (Weiss, 1997) The use of the word 'globalization' could meant to claim that the nation-state is no longer an important entity. It is possible for a globalization tendency to